什么是Helm？ Kubernetes 初学者快速入门教程

sockstack / 232 / 2023-11-14 11:51:10

ChatGPT 可用网址，仅供交流学习使用，如对您有所帮助，请收藏并推荐给需要的朋友。 <a href="https://ckai.xyz/?sockstack&section=detail" target="__blank">https://ckai.xyz</a> <article class="_2rhmJa"><h1>什么是Helm？ Kubernetes 初学者快速入门教程</h1>
&lt;article style="max-width: 100%;"&gt;
在本教程中通过实践学习 Helm。了解 Helm 是什么以及如何使用 Helm 图表打包应用程序。管理 Kubernetes 中的升级和回滚
如今，Kubernetes 已成为 DevOps 从业者编排容器的必备工具。有了应用程序的 Docker 映像后，您必须编写 YAML 清单来定义 Kubernetes 工作负载。接下来，使用<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fkubernetes.io%2Fdocs%2Freference%2Fkubectl%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">kubectl</a>命令部署它们。
这种部署方式适用于只有一个应用程序的情况。当您开始拥有许多应用程序和多个环境时，它就会变得不堪重负。通常您会在 90% 的时间内定义相同的 YAML 文件。
在这里，我们将重点介绍如何使用 Helm 智能地管理应用程序。
<hr>
<h2>什么是Helm？</h2>
<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fgetbetterdevops.io%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2022%2F09%2Fimage-70.png" target="_blank">[图片上传失败...(image-8fa3af-1684742728274)]</a>
&lt;figcaption style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 1em; width: 520px;"&gt;<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fhelm.sh%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">来自https://helm.sh/</a>的 Helm 标志<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fhelm.sh%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank"></a>&lt;/figcaption&gt;
<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fhelm.sh%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">Helm</a>是 Kubernetes 的包管理器。Helm 是一个开源项目，最初由<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fdeislabs.io%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">DeisLabs</a>创建并捐赠给<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncf.io%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">Cloud Native Foundation</a> ( CNCF )。CNCF 现在维护并毕业了该项目。这意味着它已经成熟，而不仅仅是一种时尚。
包管理在软件行业中并不是一个新概念。<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fsysadmin%2Fhow-manage-packages%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">在 Linux 发行版上，您可以使用YUM/RPM</a>或<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fubuntu.com%2Fserver%2Fdocs%2Fpackage-management%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">APT</a>等包管理器来管理软件安装和删除。在 Windows 上，您可以在 Mac 上使用<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fchocolatey.org%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">Chocolatey</a>或<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fbrew.sh%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">Homebrew</a>。
Helm 让您可以在 Kubernetes 中打包和部署完整的应用程序。包称为“图表”。Helm 使用基于<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fpkg.go.dev%2Fhtml%2Ftemplate%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">Go 模板的</a>模板系统从图表中呈现 Kubernetes 清单。图表是分隔模板和值的一致结构。
作为一个包，图表还可以管理与其他图表的依赖关系。例如，如果您的应用程序需要 MySQL 数据库才能工作，您可以将图表作为依赖项包含在内。当 Helm 在 chart 目录的顶层运行时，它会安装整个依赖项。您只需一个命令即可将您的应用程序呈现并发布到 Kubernetes。
Helm 图表使用版本来跟踪清单中的更改——因此您可以为特定的基础设施配置安装特定的图表版本。Helm 在专用工作区中保留所有已部署图表的发布历史记录。如果发生错误，这使得应用程序更新和回滚更加容易。
Helm 允许您压缩图表。其结果是一个可与 Docker 镜像相媲美的工件。然后，您可以将其发送到远程存储库以实现可重用性和共享。
<hr>
<h2>使用 Helm 有什么好处？</h2>
<ul>
<li>Helm 使您能够使用单个命令安装应用程序。图表可以包含其他图表作为依赖项。因此，您可以使用 Helm 部署整个堆栈。<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.docker.com%2Fcompose%2F%3Fref%3Dgetbetterdevops" target="_blank">您可以像docker-compose</a>一样使用 Helm ，但用于 Kubernetes。</li>
<li>图表包括各种 Kubernetes 资源的模板，以形成一个完整的应用程序。这降低了微服务的复杂性并简化了它们在 Kubernetes 中的管理。</li>
<li>可以压缩图表并将其发送到远程存储库。这为 Kubernetes 创建了一个应用程序工件。您还可以从存储库中获取和部署现有的 Helm 图表。这是可重用性和共享性的强项。</li>
<li>Helm 在 Helm 工作区中维护已部署发布版本的历史记录。当出现问题时，回滚到以前的版本很简单——Helm 促进了金丝雀发布以实现零停机部署。</li>
<li>Helm 使部署高度可配置。应用程序可以在部署期间即时定制。通过更改参数，您可以将同一个图表用于多个环境，例如开发、暂存和生产。</li>
<li>简化 CI/CD 管道——转发 GitOps 最佳实践。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2>快速查看 Helm 解决的问题</h2>
Kubernetes 的基本做法是手动编写 YAML 清单。我们将创建最小的 YAML 文件以在 Kubernetes 中部署 NGINX。
这是将创建 Pod 的 Deployment：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-cpp"><code class=" language-cpp">apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
 name: nginx
spec:
 selector:
 matchLabels:
 app: nginx
 replicas: 1
 template:
 metadata:
 labels:
 app: nginx
 spec:
 containers:
 - name: nginx
 image: nginx:1.21.6
 ports:
 - containerPort: 80
</code></pre>
</div>
&lt;figcaption style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 1em; width: 520px;"&gt;部署.yaml&lt;/figcaption&gt;
该服务将 NGINX 暴露给外部。与 pod 的链接是通过选择器完成的：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-swift"><code class=" language-swift">apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
 name: nginx
spec:
 selector:
 app: nginx
 ports:
 - protocol: TCP
 port: 80
 targetPort: 8080
</code></pre>
</div>
&lt;figcaption style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 1em; width: 520px;"&gt;用于 NGINX 的 Kubernetes 服务：service.yaml&lt;/figcaption&gt;
现在我们必须使用 kubectl 命令创建以前的资源：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ kubectl create -f deployment.yaml
$ kubectl create -f service.yaml
</code></pre>
</div>
我们检查所有资源都已启动并正在运行：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-swift"><code class=" language-swift">$ kubectl get deployment -l app=nginx
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx 1/1 1 1 8m29s
$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx 
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-65b89996ff-dcfs9 1/1 Running 0 2m26s
$ kubectl get svc -l app=nginx 
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
nginx ClusterIP 10.106.79.171 &lt;none&gt; 80/TCP 4m58s
</code></pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li>YAML 清单中的特定值是硬编码的，不可重复使用。</li>
<li>要指定的冗余信息（例如标签和选择器）会导致潜在的错误。</li>
<li>Kubectl 不会在执行后处理潜在的错误。您必须一个接一个地部署每个文件。</li>
<li>没有变化的可追溯性。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2>从头开始创建 Helm Chart</h2>
Helm 可以在单个命令行中创建图表结构：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm create nginx
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3>了解 Helm 图表结构</h3>
<a href="https://links.jianshu.com/go?to=https%3A%2F%2Fgetbetterdevops.io%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2022%2F09%2Fimage.png" target="_blank">[图片上传失败...(image-26dcb4-1684742728274)]</a>
&lt;figcaption style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 1em; width: 520px;"&gt;Helm 图表的树结构&lt;/figcaption&gt;
<ul>
<li>
<code>Chart.yaml</code>：包含有关图表信息的 YAML 文件。</li>
<li>
<code>charts</code>：包含此图表所依赖的任何图表的目录。</li>
<li>
<code>templates</code>：这是 Helm 为您的服务、部署和其他 Kubernetes 对象找到 YAML 定义的地方。您可以为自己添加或替换生成的 YAML 文件。</li>
<li>
<code>templates/NOTES.txt</code>：这是一个模板化的纯文本文件，在成功部署图表后打印出来。这是一个有用的地方，可以简要描述使用图表的后续步骤。</li>
<li>
<code>templates/_helpers.tpl</code>：该文件是模板部分的默认位置。假定名称以下划线开头的文件内部没有清单。这些文件不会呈现给 Kubernetes 对象定义，但在其他图表模板中随处可用以供使用。</li>
<li>
<code>templates/tests</code>：验证图表在安装时是否按预期工作的测试</li>
<li>
<code>values.yaml</code>：此图表的默认配置值</li>
</ul>
<h3>自定义模板</h3>
<code>values.yaml</code>部署图表时默认自动加载。这里我们将图片标签设置为<code>1.21.5</code>：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-bash"><code class=" language-bash"># Default values for nginx.
# This is a YAML-formatted file.
# Declare variables to be passed into your templates.

replicaCount: 1

image:
  repository: nginx
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  # Overrides the image tag whose default is the chart appVersion.
  tag: "1.21.5"

imagePullSecrets: []
nameOverride: ""
fullnameOverride: ""

serviceAccount:
  # Specifies whether a service account should be created
  create: true
  # Annotations to add to the service account
  annotations: {}
  # The name of the service account to use.
  # If not set and create is true, a name is generated using the fullname template
  name: ""

podAnnotations: {}

podSecurityContext: {}
  # fsGroup: 2000

securityContext: {}
  # capabilities:
  #   drop:
  #   - ALL
  # readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
  # runAsNonRoot: true
  # runAsUser: 1000

service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 80

ingress:
  enabled: false
  className: ""
  annotations: {}
    # kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    # kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"
  hosts:
    - host: chart-example.local
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: ImplementationSpecific
  tls: []
  #  - secretName: chart-example-tls
  #    hosts:
  #      - chart-example.local

resources: {}
  # We usually recommend not to specify default resources and to leave this as a conscious
  # choice for the user. This also increases chances charts run on environments with little
  # resources, such as Minikube. If you do want to specify resources, uncomment the following
  # lines, adjust them as necessary, and remove the curly braces after 'resources:'.
  # limits:
  #   cpu: 100m
  #   memory: 128Mi
  # requests:
  #   cpu: 100m
  #   memory: 128Mi

autoscaling:
  enabled: false
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 100
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80
  # targetMemoryUtilizationPercentage: 80

nodeSelector: {}

tolerations: []

affinity: {}
</code></pre>
</div>
&lt;figcaption style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 1em; width: 520px;"&gt;值.yaml&lt;/figcaption&gt;
您可以指定一个特定的<code>values.yaml</code>文件来为特定于环境的设置自定义部署
<hr>
<h2>安装 Helm Chart</h2>
部署 Helm chart 之前的好建议是，如果您进行了更新，请运行 linter：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-csharp"><code class=" language-csharp">$ helm lint nginx
==&gt; Linting nginx
[INFO] Chart.yaml: icon is recommended

1 chart(s) linted, 0 chart(s) failed
</code></pre>
</div>
运行 Helm 以试运行和调试模式安装图表以确保一切正常：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm install --debug --dry-run nginx nginx 
</code></pre>
</div>
在调试模式下使用 helm linter 和试运行安装将为您节省宝贵的开发时间。
要安装图表，请删除<code>--dry-run</code>标志：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-tsx"><code class=" language-tsx">$ helm install nginx nginx 
NAME: nginx
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Mar 14 12:01:46 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
1\. Get the application URL by running these commands:
 export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx,app.kubernetes.io/instance=nginx" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
 export CONTAINER_PORT=$(kubectl get pod --namespace default $POD_NAME -o jsonpath="{.spec.containers[0].ports[0].containerPort}")
 echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 to use your application"
 kubectl --namespace default port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:$CONTAINER_PORT
</code></pre>
</div>
<code>NOTES.txt</code>您可以看到说明如何连接到应用程序的模板化内容。
现在，您可以在 Helm 工作区中检索发布：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-cpp"><code class=" language-cpp">$ helm list 
NAME NAMESPACE REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION
nginx default 1 2022-03-14 12:01:46.926038 +0100 CET deployed nginx-0.1.0 1.0.0 
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr>
<h2>升级 Helm 版本</h2>
假设您想将容器映像升级到<code>1.21.6</code>以进行测试。
<code>values.yaml</code>我们将从命令行更改设置，而不是创建新的。
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-tsx"><code class=" language-tsx">$ helm upgrade nginx nginx --set image.tag=1.21.6
Release "nginx" has been upgraded. Happy Helming!
NAME: nginx
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Mar 14 12:04:40 2022
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 2
NOTES:
1\. Get the application URL by running these commands:
 export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx,app.kubernetes.io/instance=nginx" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")
 export CONTAINER_PORT=$(kubectl get pod --namespace default $POD_NAME -o jsonpath="{.spec.containers[0].ports[0].containerPort}")
 echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 to use your application"
 kubectl --namespace default port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:$CONTAINER_PORT
</code></pre>
</div>
Pod 也在使用新的容器镜像：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-csharp"><code class=" language-csharp">$ kubectl get pod -l app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx -o jsonpath='{.items[0].spec.containers[0].image}'
nginx:1.21.6
</code></pre>
</div>
升级在图表历史记录中可见：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-bash"><code class=" language-bash">$ helm history nginx 
REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION DESCRIPTION 
1 Mon Mar 14 12:07:33 2022 superseded nginx-0.1.0 1.0.0 Install complete
2 Mon Mar 14 12:08:25 2022 deployed nginx-0.1.0 1.0.0 Upgrade complete
</code></pre>
</div>
可以通过以下方式检查更改<code>helm diff</code>：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-csharp"><code class=" language-csharp">$ helm diff revision nginx 1 2
default, nginx, Deployment (apps) has changed:
 # Source: nginx/templates/deployment.yaml
 apiVersion: apps/v1
 kind: Deployment
 metadata:
 name: nginx
 labels:
 helm.sh/chart: nginx-0.1.0
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.0.0"
 app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
 spec:
 replicas: 1
 selector:
 matchLabels:
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: nginx
 template:
 metadata:
 labels:
 app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx
 app.kubernetes.io/instance: nginx
 spec:
 serviceAccountName: nginx
 securityContext:
 {}
 containers:
 - name: nginx
 securityContext:
 {}
- image: "nginx:1.21.5"
+ image: "nginx:1.21.6"
 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
 ports:
 - name: http
 containerPort: 80
 protocol: TCP
 livenessProbe:
 httpGet:
 path: /
 port: http
 readinessProbe:
 httpGet:
 path: /
 port: http
 resources:
 {}
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr>
<h2>回滚 Helm 版本</h2>
升级不是决定性的，你想回去。由于 Helm 保留了所有更改，因此回滚非常简单：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm rollback nginx 1
Rollback was a success! Happy Helming!
</code></pre>
</div>
pod 现在回到<code>1.21.5</code>容器镜像：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-csharp"><code class=" language-csharp">$ kubectl get pod -l app.kubernetes.io/name=nginx -o jsonpath='{.items[0].spec.containers[0].image}'
nginx:1.21.5
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr>
<h2>卸载 Helm Chart</h2>
卸载 Helm chart 与安装一样简单：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm uninstall nginx
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr>
<h2>重用现有的 Helm 图表</h2>
许多著名的项目都提供了 Helm 图表，使集成更加用户友好。他们通过存储库提供图表。您只需将其添加到您身边：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-csharp"><code class=" language-csharp">$ helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami

</code></pre>
</div>
添加后，更新本地缓存以与远程存储库同步信息：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm repo update
</code></pre>
</div>
您现在可以在 Kubernetes 集群上安装图表：
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm install nginx bitnami/nginx
</code></pre>
</div>
图表使用默认值部署。您可以启发并指定自定义<code>values.yaml</code>以满足您的需求！
<div class="_2Uzcx_">
<button class="VJbwyy" type="button" aria-label="复制代码"><svg viewbox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" class="" data-icon="copy" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M832 64H296c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h496v688c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h56c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8V96c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM704 192H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v530.7c0 8.5 3.4 16.6 9.4 22.6l173.3 173.3c2.2 2.2 4.7 4 7.4 5.5v1.9h4.2c3.5 1.3 7.2 2 11 2H704c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32zM350 856.2L263.9 770H350v86.2zM664 888H414V746c0-22.1-17.9-40-40-40H232V264h432v624z"></path></svg></button><pre class="line-numbers language-ruby"><code class=" language-ruby">$ helm install my-release bitnami/nginx -f values.yaml
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr>
<hr>
&lt;/article&gt;
</article>

什么是Helm？ Kubernetes 初学者快速入门教程

作者

sockstack

许可协议

CC BY 4.0

发布于

2023-11-14

修改于

2025-02-22

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什么是Helm？ Kubernetes 初学者快速入门教程

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